and so on until it turns into a whole number which will be your answer.Thus from observation it is taken that the number of entries required to return back to the initial state will always be less than or equal to 26 i.e E<= 26. To put it another way the equation E=26/S can be a whole number, decimal number or fractional number and if E= a fraction represented by 26/S then multiply by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Ciphertext is not understandable until it has been converted into plain text using a key. The term 'cipher' is sometimes used as an alternative term for ciphertext. It is the unreadable output of an encryption algorithm. ![]() In the case of shift 4 the answer would be 13 entries to return back to the initial input. Ciphertext: Cipher is an algorithm which is applied to plain text to get ciphertext. As we can't have 6.5 entries we must multiply 6.5 by 1 then ,individually- without the 1- by 2 to give us 6.5 and 13, if the answer is a whole number then that is our answer, if it is a decimal then we multiply by the individual natural number until we receive a whole number which will be our answer. More generally however this equation works in all situations as if we have a shift of 4 giving us a decimal answer for the number of entries required of 6.5. For example to have the situation where clare goes to lucan then back to clare we count that 2 entries were required for this thus rearranging gives S=26/E or S=26/2 which gives us a shift of 13 that would be required to obtain the situation desired. ![]() When we talk about entries we mean that we enter our initial state, A for example, into our Caesar cipher machine, and get B, then we enter B into the Caesar cipher and so on for the different cases i.e enter input receive output then enter output in a sort of feedback loop. To return back to clare the system adheres via the following equation I devised (don't know if it has been already discovered by other mathematicians) : E=26/S where E is the number of entries required to return back to initial input and S is the shift used, which is assumed to be constant.
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